Clinical Use Research Articles

A growing number of AIs cleared for clinical use is finally available: The AI-assisted Pathologist

As more pathology laboratories are transitioning to a digital workflow, the availability of commercial Artificial Intelligence assistance systems is also increasing. Today nearly 40 such products approved for diagnostic use are available. This article provides an overview of the most widely addressed use cases, including Immunohistochemistry scoring for breast cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, Gleason grading for prostate cancer, or metastasis detection in lymph nodes. While automation alone already promises an increase in efficiency that may help to bridge the growing gap between supply (pathology work force) and demand (histological testing), this article introduces another category of Artificial Intelligence products that go beyond just mimicking today’s established score. Various Artificial Intelligence are being introduced that detect genetic alterations or stratify risk, directly from the standard hematoxylin & eosin staining. Finally, a brief outlook explains how basic AI models are currently finding their way into computational pathology and promise to further accelerate product developments by decreasing the time-to-model.

Developing Robust AI Applications for Clinical Use: The Special Case of Pathology

Robustness is a key requirement for any method in medicine, especially when the method in question is being used as part of a diagnostic process. This is particularly true for artificial intelligence-based decision support systems, which, although being used as a supportive tool, will ultimately influence diagnostic assessments. In pathology, attaining clinical robustness in AI methods poses a particularly challenging task, primarily due to the extensive diversity of digital images, which humans can adapt to far more easily. This paper presents factors that contribute to this challenge, but also identifies and evaluates common solutions to counteract domain shift, which is known to deteriorate the performance of artificial intelligence models.

A Predictive Noninvasive Single-Nucleotide Variation-Based Biomarker Signature for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Protocol for a Prospective Validation Study.

Single-nucleotide variations (SNVs; formerly SNPs) are inherited genetic variants that can be easily determined in routine clinical practice using a simple blood or saliva test. SNVs have potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers for predicting cancer-specific patient outcomes after resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Two recent analyses led to the identification and validation of three SNVs in the CD44 and CHI3L2 genes (rs187115, rs353630, and rs684559), which can be used as predictive biomarkers to help select patients most likely to benefit from pancreatic resection. These variants were associated with an over 2-fold increased risk for tumor-related death in three independent PDAC study cohorts from Europe and the United States, including The Cancer Genome Atlas cohorts (reaching a P value of 1×10-8). However, these analyses were limited by the inherent biases of a retrospective study design, such as selection and publication biases, thereby limiting the clinical use of these promising biomarkers in guiding PDAC therapy. To overcome the limitations of previous retrospectively designed studies and translate the findings into clinical practice, we aim to validate the association of the identified SNVs with survival in a controlled setting using a prospective cohort of patients with PDAC following pancreatic resection. All patients with PDAC who will undergo pancreatic resection at three participating hospitals in Switzerland and fulfill the inclusion criteria will be included in the study consecutively. The SNV genotypes will be determined using standard genotyping techniques from patient blood samples. For each genotyped locus, log-rank and Cox multivariate regression tests will be performed, accounting for the relevant covariates American Joint Committee on Cancer stage and resection status. Clinical follow-up data will be collected for at least 3 years. Sample size calculation resulted in a required sample of 150 patients to sufficiently power the analysis. The follow-up data collection started in August 2019 and the estimated end of data collection will be in May 2027. The study is still recruiting participants and 142 patients have been recruited as of November 2023. The DNA extraction and genotyping of the SNVs will be performed after inclusion of the last patient. Since no SNV genotypes have been determined, no data analysis has been performed to date. The results are expected to be published in 2027. This is the first prospective study of the CD44 and CHI3L2 SNV-based biomarker signature in PDAC. A prospective validation of this signature would enable its clinical use as a noninvasive predictive biomarker of survival after pancreatic resection that is readily available at the time of diagnosis and can assist in guiding PDAC therapy. The results of this study may help to individualize treatment decisions and potentially improve patient outcomes. DERR1-10.2196/54042.

Anti-cancer properties of Sansalvamide A, its derivatives, and analogs: an updated review.

As peptide-based therapies gain recognition for their potential anti-cancer activity, cyclic peptides like Sansalvamide A, a marine-derived cyclic depsipeptide, have emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent due to their potent activity against various cancer types in preclinical studies. This review offers a comprehensive overview of Sansalvamide A, including its sources, structure-activity relationship, and semi-synthetic derivatives. The review also aims to outline the mechanisms through which Sansalvamide A and its analogs exert their anti-proliferative effects and to discuss the need for enhancements in pharmacokinetic profiles for better clinical utility. An extensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies that detailed the anti-cancer activity of Sansalvamide A, its pharmacokinetics, and mechanistic pathways. Data from both in vitro and in vivo studies were collated and analyzed. Sansalvamide A and its analogs demonstrated significant anti-cancer activity across various cancer models, mediated through Hsp 90 inhibition, Topoisomerase inhibition, and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. However, their pharmacokinetic properties were identified as a significant limitation, requiring improvement for effective clinical translation. Despite its notable anti-cancer effects, the utility of Sansalvamide A is currently limited by its pharmacokinetic characteristics. Therefore, while Sansalvamide A exhibits promise as an anti-cancer agent, there is a compelling need for further clinical and toxicological studies and optimization of its pharmacokinetic profile to fully exploit its therapeutic potential alongside modern cancer therapies.

Silk-based nerve guidance conduits with macroscopic holes modulate the vascularization of regenerating rat sciatic nerve

Abstract Peripheral nerve injuries induce a severe motor and sensory deficit. Since the availability of autologous nerve transplants for nerve repair is very limited, alternative treatment strategies are sought, including the use of tubular nerve guidance conduits (tNGCs). However, the use of tNGCs results in poor functional recovery and central necrosis of the regenerating tissue, which limits their application to short nerve lesion defects (typically shorter than 3 cm). Given the importance of vascularization in nerve regeneration, we hypothesized that enabling the growth of blood vessels from the surrounding tissue into the regenerating nerve within the tNGC would help eliminate necrotic processes and lead to improved regeneration. In this study we reported the application of macroscopic holes into the tubular walls of silk-based tNGCs and compared the various features of these improved silk+ tNGCs with the tubes without holes (silk− tNGCs) and autologous nerve transplant in an 8-mm sciatic nerve defect in rats. Using a combination of micro-computed tomography and histological analyses, we were able to prove that the use of silk+ tNGCs induced the growth of blood vessels from the adjacent tissue to the intraluminal neovascular formation. A significantly higher number of blood vessels in the silk+ group was found compared with autologous nerve transplants and silk−, accompaniec by improved axon regeneration at the distal coaptation point compared with the silk− tNGCs at 7 weeks postoperatively. In the 15-mm (critical size) sciatic nerve defect model, we again observed a distinct ingrowth of blood vessels through the tubular walls of silk+ tNGCs, but without improved functional recovery at 12 weeks postoperatively. Our data proves that macroporous tNGCs increase the vascular supply of regenerating nerves and facilitate improved axonal regeneration in a short-defect model but not in a critical-size defect model. This study suggests that further optimization of the macroscopic holes silk+ tNGC approach containing macroscopic holes might result in improved grafting technology suitable for future clinical use.

Research progress in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with natural polysaccharides and related structure-activity relationships.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of highly prevalent and chronic inflammatory intestinal tract diseases caused by multiple factors. Despite extensive research into the causes of the disease, IBD's pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, side effects of current IBD therapies restrict their long-term clinical use. In contrast, natural polysaccharides exert beneficial anti-IBD effects and offer advantages over current anti-IBD drugs, including enhanced safety and straightforward isolation from abundant and reliable sources, and thus may serve as components of functional foods and health products for use in IBD prevention and treatment. However, few reviews have explored natural polysaccharides with anti-IBD activities or the relationship between polysaccharide conformation and anti-IBD biological activity. Therefore, this review aims to summarize anti-IBD activities and potential clinical applications of polysaccharides isolated from plant, animal, microorganismal, and algal sources, while also exploring the relationship between polysaccharide conformation and anti-IBD bioactivity for the first time. Furthermore, potential mechanisms underlying polysaccharide anti-IBD effects are summarized, including intestinal microbiota modulation, intestinal inflammation alleviation, and intestinal barrier protection from IBD-induced damage. Ultimately, this review provides a theoretical foundation and valuable insights to guide the development of natural polysaccharide-containing functional foods and nutraceuticals for use as dietary IBD therapies.

Safe and Equitable Pediatric Clinical Use of AI.

Safe and Equitable Pediatric Clinical Use of AI.

Nanoparticles for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Abstract Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.

Cariprazine: An Antipsychotic Medication with High Therapeutic Potential

Introduction and purposeCariprazine is an atypical antipsychotic drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, as well as manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder. It functions as a dopamine multifunctional agent, a partial agonist at dopamine and serotonin receptors. Unlike the majority of antipsychotics, which primarily target positive symptoms through dopaminergic antagonism, often neglecting negative, cognitive, and affective symptoms, the unique cariprazine's pharmacological profile, particularly potent blockade of D3 dopamine receptors, suggests the potential for numerous clinical applications. The aim of this study is to present current knowledge of cariprazine, focusing particularly on its mechanism of action, potential applications, adverse effects, and pharmacokinetic properties that could impact its clinical use.Methods and materialsA review of the literature available in the PubMed database was performed using the key words: cariprazine; atypical antipsychotic drug; antipsychotic medication; schizophrenia treatment; bipolar disorder treatment; mania treatment; depression treatment, dopamine agonist.ConclusionsCariprazine demonstrates a unique pharmacological profile, offering potential benefits in managing a wide range of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (mania, depression, mixed episodes), unipolar depression, and co-occurring substance use disorders. Clinical studies have shown efficacy in reducing symptoms and improving negative and cognitive function, with a favorable metabolic profile, minimal impact on cardiovascular system, and generally mild adverse effect profile. However, further research is necessary to explore its full therapeutic potential and optimize its clinical use in diverse patient populations.

Thrombogenicity of biodegradable metals

Biodegradable metals offer a promising means to ameliorate many of the long-term risks associated with vascular devices made of conventional biostable stent metals. While numerous biodegradable metal alloys have been developed and characterized in animal models, knowledge of their blood reactivity and thrombogenicity remains unknown. Metal hemocompatibility is particularly valuable because current generation drug-eluting stents pose a significant long-term thrombosis risk. In this study, four pure metals, widely used as degradable base materials (Fe, Zn, Mg, and Mo), and three alloys commonly used in cardiovascular devices [NiTi, CoCr, and stainless steel (SS)] were evaluated. This work examined how each of these metals activate platelets, coagulation factors, and inflammation using in vitro hemocompatibility assays and a clinically relevant ex vivo non-human primate arteriovenous shunt model. Testing found that while all metals promoted a downstream activation of platelets and coagulation in flowing whole blood, platelet and fibrin attachment to Mg was markedly reduced. Additionally, Fe and Mo trended toward higher platelet attachment and contact pathway activation. Overall, the results suggest that Mg may delay clot initiation, but not eliminate clot formation, indicating the importance of understanding thrombosis in Mg alloys that are currently being developed for clinical use as biodegradable stents.

Does a lack of emotions make chatbots unfit to be psychotherapists?

Mental health chatbots (MHCBs) designed to support individuals in coping with mental health issues are rapidly advancing. Currently, these MHCBs are predominantly used in commercial rather than clinical contexts, but this might change soon. The question is whether this use is ethically desirable. This paper addresses a critical yet understudied concern: assuming that MHCBs cannot have genuine emotions, how this assumption may affect psychotherapy, andconsequentlythe quality of treatment outcomes. We argue that if MHCBs lack emotions, they cannot have genuine (affective) empathy or utilise countertransference. Consequently, this gives reason to worry that MHCBs are (a) more liable to harm and (b) less likely to benefit patients than human therapists. We discuss some responses to this worry and conclude that further empirical research is necessary to determine whether these worries are valid. We conclude that, even if these worries are valid, it does not mean that we should never use MHCBs. By discussing the broader ethical debate on the clinical use of chatbots, we point towards how further research can help us establish ethical boundaries for how we should use mental health chatbots.

Ternary heterostructure-driven photoinduced electron-hole separation enhanced oxidative stress for triple-negative breast cancer therapy

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) stand as among the most significant metal oxide nanoparticles in trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce apoptosis. Nevertheless, the utilization of ZnO NPs has been limited by the shallowness of short-wavelength light and the constrained production of ROS. To overcome these limitations, a strategy involves achieving a red shift towards the near-infrared (NIR) light spectrum, promoting the separation and restraining the recombination of electron-hole (e−-h+) pairs. Herein, the hybrid plasmonic system Au@ZnO (AZ) with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) doping (AZG) nano heterostructures is rationally designed for optimal NIR-driven cancer treatment. Significantly, a multifold increase in ROS generation can be achieved through the following creative initiatives: (i) plasmonic Au nanorods expands the photocatalytic capabilities of AZG into the NIR domain, offering a foundation for NIR-induced ROS generation for clinical utilization; (ii) elaborate design of mesoporous core-shell AZ structures facilitates the redistribution of electron-hole pairs; (iii) the incorporation GQDs in mesoporous structure could efficiently restrain the recombination of the e−-h+ pairs; (iv) Modification of hyaluronic acid (HA) can enhance CD44 receptor mediated targeted triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In addition, the introduced Au NRs present as catalysts for enhancing photothermal therapy (PTT), effectively inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. The resulting HA-modified AZG (AZGH) exhibits efficient hot electron injection and e−-h+ separation, affording unparalleled convenience for ROS production and enabling NIR-induced PDT for the cancer treanment. As a result, our well-designed mesoporous core-shell AZGH hybrid as photosensitizers can exhibit excellent PDT efficacy.

Ocular biomarkers: useful incidental findings by deep learning algorithms in fundus photographs.

Artificial intelligence can assist with ocular image analysis for screening and diagnosis, but it is not yet capable of autonomous full-spectrum screening. Hypothetically, false-positive results may have unrealized screening potential arising from signals persisting despite training and/or ambiguous signals such as from biomarker overlap or high comorbidity. The study aimed to explore the potential to detect clinically useful incidental ocular biomarkers by screening fundus photographs of hypertensive adults using diabetic deep learning algorithms. Patients referred for treatment-resistant hypertension were imaged at a hospital unit in Perth, Australia, between 2016 and 2022. The same 45° colour fundus photograph selected for each of the 433 participants imaged was processed by three deep learning algorithms. Two expert retinal specialists graded all false-positive results for diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic participants. Of the 29 non-diabetic participants misclassified as positive for diabetic retinopathy, 28 (97%) had clinically useful retinal biomarkers. The models designed to screen for fewer diseases captured more incidental disease. All three algorithms showed a positive correlation between severity of hypertensive retinopathy and misclassified diabetic retinopathy. The results suggest that diabetic deep learning models may be responsive to hypertensive and other clinically useful retinal biomarkers within an at-risk, hypertensive cohort. Observing that models trained for fewer diseases captured more incidental pathology increases confidence in signalling hypotheses aligned with using self-supervised learning to develop autonomous comprehensive screening. Meanwhile, non-referable and false-positive outputs of other deep learning screening models could be explored for immediate clinical use in other populations.

Personalized venlafaxine dose prediction using artificial intelligence technology: a retrospective analysis based on real-world data.

Venlafaxine dose regimens vary considerably between individuals, requiring personalized dosing. This study aimed to identify dose-related influencing factors of venlafaxine through real-world data analysis and to construct a personalized dose model using advanced artificial intelligence techniques. We conducted a retrospective study on patients with depression treated with venlafaxine. Significant variables were selected through a univariate analysis. Subsequently, the predictive performance of seven models (XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, GBDT, ANN, TabNet, and DT) was compared. The algorithm that demonstrated optimal performance was chosen to establish the dose prediction model. Model validation used confusion matrices and ROC analysis. Additionally, a dose subgroup analysis was conducted. A total of 298 patients were included. TabNet was selected to establish the venlafaxine dose prediction model, which exhibited the highest performance with an accuracy of 0.80. The analysis identified seven crucial variables correlated with venlafaxine daily dose, including blood venlafaxine concentration, total protein, lymphocytes, age, globulin, cholinesterase, and blood platelet count. The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting venlafaxine doses of 75mg, 150mg, and 225mg were 0.90, 0.85, and 0.90, respectively. We successfully developed a TabNet model to predict venlafaxine doses using real-world data. This model demonstrated substantial predictive accuracy, offering a personalized dosing regimen for venlafaxine. These findings provide valuable guidance for the clinical use of the drug.

Heparins May Not Be the Optimal Anticoagulants for Sepsis and Sepsis-Associated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.

Historically, heparin has had the longest historical use as an anticoagulant and continues this day to be the primary therapeutic option for preventing thrombosis and thromboembolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. Heparin is also used to treat sepsis and sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in various countries. However, the efficacy and safety of heparin for this indication remains controversial, as adequately powered randomized clinical studies have not demonstrated as yet a survival benefit in sepsis and sepsis-associated DIC, despite meta-analyses and propensity analyses reporting improved outcomes without increasing bleeding risk. Further, activated protein C and recombinant thrombomodulin showed greater improvements in outcomes compared with heparin, although these effects were inconclusive. In summary, further research is warranted, despite the ongoing clinical use of heparin for sepsis and sepsis-associated DIC. Based on Japanese guidelines, antithrombin or recombinant thrombomodulin may be a preferable choice if they are accessible.

Imaging and therapy in prostate cancer using PSMA radioligands.

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-directed PET imaging has rapidly transformed prostate cancer workup over the past decade and paved the way for a theranostic approach using 177Lu-labelled PSMA radioligand therapy. This review gives an overview of the underlying principles behind PSMA as a target; the current use of PSMA PET in prostate cancer imaging and benefits compared to conventional imaging; and therapeutic applications including optimisation of patient selection. It also explores the evidence base of PSMA PET for other indications not in routine clinical use and the future of PSMA-directed radioligand therapy.

Targeting KRASG12D mutation in non-small cell lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Lung malignant tumors are a type of cancer with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for over 80% of all lung malignant tumors, and most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to poor prognosis. Over the past decades, various oncogenic driver alterations associated with lung cancer have been identified, each of which can potentially serve as a therapeutic target. Rat sarcoma (RAS) genes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancers, with Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) being the most common subtype. The role of KRAS oncogene in NSCLC is still not fully understood, and its impact on prognosis remains controversial. Despite the significant advancements in targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that have transformed the treatment landscape of advanced NSCLC in recent years, targeting KRAS (both directly and indirectly) remains challenging and is still under intensive research. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of targeted drugs targeting the NSCLC KRASG12C mutant subtype. However, research progress on target drugs for the more common KRASG12D subtype has been slow, and currently, no specific drugs have been approved for clinical use, and many questions remain to be answered, such as the mechanisms of resistance in this subtype of NSCLC, how to better utilize combination strategies with multiple treatment modalities, and whether KRASG12D inhibitors offer substantial efficacy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients.

Comparison of three techniques for decellularization of porcine bone-tendon-bone grafts

ABSTRACT Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are frequent afflictions related to sports or physical trauma. Autograft reconstruction strategies cause secondary injury to the patient. One alternative, supported by clinical evidence, is porcine xenografts. For clinical use, xenografts must be conditioned to avoid immune rejection. The most widely accepted procedure is tissue decellularization. We analyzed three decellularization strategies: the application of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sonication, and freezing and thawing cycles. The treated tissues were evaluated histologically using H&E, Masson’s trichrome, Verhoeff-van Gieson staining, and DAPI for fluorescent staining of nuclei. Finally, collagen fiber preservation was evaluated by quantifying this protein by colorimetry. The most efficient decellularization techniques were sonication and SDS. Collagen fibers were preserved in all experimental conditions.

Biomedical Applications of Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Cancer Therapy and Virus Inactivation

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), known for its ability to generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), has emerged as a promising tool in many biomedical applications, including cancer therapeutics and virus inactivation. In cancer therapy, ROS and RNS induced by plasma have been shown to selectively target cancer cells, triggering apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth while sparing healthy cells. This selective cytotoxicity makes plasma an attractive option for localized cancer treatment with minimal side effects. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of ROS and RNS make plasma an effective agent for virus inactivation. By connecting the dots between cancer therapy and virus disinfection, this review paper sheds light on the potential of plasma-generated ROS and RNS as versatile tools in medical applications, offering a dual benefit of targeted cancer treatment and effective virus control. Specifically, this review explores the effects of CAP treatment on B16 melanoma cells, assessing changes in cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and oxidative stress response. Dichloroacetate (DCA), a mitochondrial modulator, has shown promise in inducing apoptosis in melanoma cells. However, its clinical use is limited by side effects related to its neurotoxicity and suspected carcinogenicity. The potential of CAP in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of DCA on B16-F10 melanoma apoptosis is also explored. CAP therapeutics for other types of cancers are also explored in this review. Alongside its implications in oncology, CAP has gathered substantial attention for its extraordinary potential in neutralizing viruses. CAP’s exceptional precision in targeting viral envelopes, genetic material and structural components disrupts their integrity and vital functions. This orchestrated mechanism offers a swift and efficacious route to render viruses inactive, encompassing both enveloped and nonenveloped viral types. In parallel pursuit, this review examines CAP-generated reactive species’ proficiency in deactivating SARS-CoV-2 across various surfaces. The inquiry entails subjecting surfaces to CAP treatment, succeeded by quantifying viral load and scrutinizing viral integrity. The outcomes gleaned from these investigations provide pivotal insights into CAP’s potential as a robust surface disinfection strategy, poised to combat the propagation of viral transmission.

Clinical research on neurological and psychiatric diagnosis and monitoring using wearable devices: A literature review

AbstractWearable devices have opened up exciting possibilities for monitoring and managing home health, particularly in the realm of neurological and psychiatric diseases. These devices capture signals related to physiological and behavioral changes, including heart rate, sleep patterns, and motor functions. Their emergence has resulted in significant advancements in the management of such conditions. Traditional clinical diagnosis and assessment methods heavily rely on patient reports and evaluations conducted by healthcare professionals, often leading to a detachment of patients from their home environment and creating additional burdens for both patients and healthcare providers. The increasing popularity of wearable devices offers a potential solution to these challenges. This review focuses on the clinical utility of wearable devices in diagnosing and monitoring neurological and psychiatric diseases. Through research findings and practical examples, we highlight the potential role of wearable devices in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, depression, epilepsy, stroke prognosis, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and other diseases. Additionally, the review discusses the benefits and limitations of wearable devices in clinical applications, while highlighting the challenges they face. Finally, it provides prospects for enhancing the value of wearable devices in the monitoring and diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric diseases.